Денежно-кредитная политика | food news

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Денежно-кредитная политика, основным проводником которой, как правило, является ЦБ, направлена главным образом на воздействие на валютный курс, процентные ставки и на общий объем ликвидности банковской системы и , следовательно, экономики. Достижение этих задач преследует цель стабильности экономического роста, низкой безработицы и инфляции. ЦБ обычно по уставу отвечает за стабильность денежного обращения и курса национальной валюты и в этих целях координирует свою политику с другими государственными органами. Чаще всего денежно-кредитная политика представляет собой один из элементов всей экономической политики и прямо определяется приоритетами правительства. Взаимоотношения ЦБ и правительства в проведении денежно-кредитной политики обычно четко определены. Правительство ограничено в своих действиях и обычно не вмешивается в повседневную деятельность банка, согласовывая лишь общую макроэкономическую политику. Различают “узкую” и “широкую” денежно-кредитную политику. Под узкой политикой имеют в виду достижение оптимального валютного курса с помощью инвестиций на валютном рынке, учетной политики и других инструментов, влияющих на краткосрочные процентные ставки. Широкая политика направлена на борьбу с инфляцией через воздействие на денежную массу в обращении. С помощью прямых и косвенных методов кредитного контроля регулируется ликвидность банковской системы и долгосрочные процентные ставки. Денежно-кредитная политика должна быть четко увязана с бюджетом и налоговой политикой и , соответственно, финансированием госбюджета. Центральный банк - прежде всего посредник между государством и остальной экономикой через банки. В качестве такого учреждения он призван регулировать денежные и кредитные потоки с помощью инструментов, которые закреплены за ним в законодательном порядке и реже по традиции. Инструментарий денежно-кредитной политики развитых капиталистических государств необычайно широк. Инструменты имеют следующую классификацию: кратко- и долгосрочные, прямые и косвенные, общие и селективные, рыночные и нерыночные. Краткая характеристика основных инструментов денежно-кредитной политики: Официальная учетная ставка - относительно редко изменяемая ставка ЦБ, по которой он готов учитывать векселя или предоставлять кредиты другим банкам в качестве кредитора последней инстанции. Обязательные резервы - часть ресурсов банков, внесенных по требованию властей на беспроцентный счет в ЦБ. Операции на открытом рынке - операции ЦБ по купле-продаже коммерческих и казначейских векселей, государственных облигаций и прочих ценных бумаг, а также краткосрочные операции с ценными бумагами с совершением позднее обратной сделки. Моральное воздействие - рекомендации, заявления, собеседования традиционно играют важную роль в денежно-кредитной политике многих развитых стран. Разумный банковский надзор - различные методы контроля за функционированием банков с точки зрения обеспечения их безопасности на основе сбора информации, требования соблюдения определенных балансовых коэффициентов. Контроль за рынком капиталов - порядок выпуска акций и облигаций, включая стандартные правила-требования, очередность эмиссии, официальный предел внешних заимствований относительно самофинансирования, квоты выпуска облигаций и др. Допуск к рынкам - регулирование открытия новых банков, разрешение операций иностранным банковским учреждениям. Специальные депозиты - часть прироста депозитов или кредитов коммерческих банков, изъятая на беспроцентные счета в ЦБ. Количественные ограничения - потолки ставок, прямое ограничение кредитования, периодическое “замораживание” процентных ставок. Валютные интервенции - купля-продажа валюты для воздействия на курс и, следовательно, на спрос и предложение денежной единицы. Управление госдолгом. Эмиссия гособлигаций нейтрализует ликвидность банков, связывает их средства, и поэтому масштабы госдолга, техника его эмиссии, форма размещения имеют большое значение для контроля за денежным обращением. Таргетирование - установление целевых ориентиров роста одного или нескольких показателей денежной массы. Регулирование фондовых и фьючерских операций путем установления обязательной маржи. Нормы обязательного инвестирования в государственные ценные бумаги для банков и инвестиционных институтов. Эти инструменты денежно-кредитной политики могут быть эффективными только в условиях тесной увязки с фискальной политикой и законодательством.

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